Explain how the quality of democratic representation affects the importance of NGOs.
What will be an ideal response?
Some scholars have suggested that where the quality of democratic representation is low - where parties and elections do not represent popular opinion well - NGOs can have an important role in mobilizing protest; the political opportunity structure matters.
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Anthony Downs characterized organizations and the individuals within them as beginning as zealots or advocates of certain social causes but over time becoming more interested in surviving and maintaining their budgets than in serving clients. What phrase does Downs use to describe this?
A. going through displacement B. going through modification C. going through a straitjacket D. going through a life cycle
How did education reforms in Texas in the 1990s differ from those in the 1980s?
A. Reforms in the 1990s gave back more autonomy to local school districts. B. Reforms in the 1990s cut education spending compared to those in the 1980s. C. Reforms in the 1990s further centralized school administration at the state level. D. Reforms in the 1990s began providing higher levels of funding for education than those in the 1980s. E. Reforms in the 1980s emphasized more bilingual education than was offered in the 1990s.