Punishment will only reduce the frequency of behavior if
A) it is predictable.
B) it is explained.
C) it is contingent on a response occurring.
D) it is given by authority figures.
Answer: C
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Maria is trying to recall the names of all 48 of the contiguous United States. She begins by naming the New England states, followed by the mid-Atlantic states, the states in the Southeast, the Midwest, the Southwest, and finally the states in the Pacific Northwest. Maria's pattern of recall illustrates the concept of
a. the primacy effect. b. levels-of-processing. c. the serial-position effect. d. clustering.
After a tragic event, like Hurricane Katrina, people often make jokes about the tragedy. Freud might explain this behavior in terms of
A. denial. B. symbolic expression of hostility. C. reaction formation. D. tension reduction.