Decisions by depositors to increase their holdings of ________, or of banks to hold excess reserves will result in a ________ expansion of deposits than the simple model predicts

The first three elements of a financial crisis are correctly represented as taking place in the following order:

a. large decline in some asset prices ? insolvencies at financial institutions ? decline in confidence in financial institutions b. insolvencies at financial institutions ? decline in confidence in financial institutions ? large decline in some asset prices c. insolvencies at financial institutions ? economic downturn ? credit crunch d. insolvencies at financial institutions ? credit crunch ? economic downturn

A bushel of apples costs $15.00 in the U.S. The same apples cost 1,600 yen in Japan. If the exchange rate is 80 yen per dollar, is there a possibility for arbitrage? Explain and defend your answer. As part of your defense, find the real exchange rate