The only way to determine cause and effect is by using an experimental research design

Professionals like actors, writers, and filmmakers employ observational methods to learn about social situations. What makes their work different from the work of social psychologists?

A) Social psychologists are more likely to be participant observers. B) These professionals seldom set out to answer a specific question. C) The situations or events that these professionals observe are not of interest to scientific social psychologists. D) Social psychologists tend to employ a pre-arranged set of criteria to guide their observations. E) These professionals are more interested in individual personality differences than a social psychologist would be.

Ron, a toddler, takes a picture and puts it to the receiver of a phone in order to "show" it to his grandmother. This example illustrates:

a) disoriented attachment. b) conservation. c) object permanence. d) egocentrism.