The psychodynamic model of abnormal behavior is based on the work of ______

Which of the following is true regarding learned helplessness?

a) It is learned through repeated exposure to inescapable or unavoidable aversive events. b) It is a concept that can only be applied to human behavior. c) It was initially studied by Pavlov and Skinner using dogs that were exposed to electric shocks. d) It is not possible to avoid learned helplessness.

___________ orientation is an orientation that emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual

a. Individualistic c. Economic b. Spatial d. Collectivistic