Suppose 40% of all of the books in a library are fiction and 2% of all of the books are on the Roman Empire. Wanda is a big fan of historical fiction novels. Which of the following is she LEAST likely to leave the library with?
A) a fiction book
B) a book which involves the Roman Empire
C) a fictional book that takes place in the Roman Empire
D) the answer cannot be determined from the information given
Answer: C
Rationale: The conjunction fallacy is the mistaken belief that finding a specific member in two overlapping categories (i.e., a member of the conjunction of two categories) is more likely than finding any member of one of the larger, general categories. Because a fictional book about the Roman Empire is a subset of both fiction books and books on Rome, it is a mathematical impossibility that Wanda will be more likely to choose a book that is the conjunction of the two categories than either of them alone.
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Skinner believed people are not responsible for their actions, because:
a. their instincts of aggression are inborn. b. they operate in predictable ways, controlled by external variables. c. the inherent tendency of the human species is selfishness. d. of the concept of free will.
Which of the following refers to a viewpoint that suggests that psychological disorders can only be understood in the cultural framework within which they occur?
a) Cultural fit hypothesis b) Cultural relativism c) Cultural syndromes d) Cultural display rules