What is the difference between systematic desensitization and flooding?
a) Flooding is based on operant conditioning, whereas systematic desensitization is based on classical conditioning.
b) Systematic desensitization is based on operant conditioning, whereas flooding is based on classical conditioning.
c) Systematic desensitization is gradual, whereas flooding is administered all at once.
d) There is no difference. They are alternate names for the same exact technique.
Answer: c
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Crystal healers like Randi use scientific terminology (e.g., energy, vibrations, etc.) when explaining the technique to patients, but do not use the scientific method to develop or test their treatments. This makes crystal healing a A) metascience. B) pseudoscience. C) episcience. D) protoscience.
Japan and China both have relatively high rates of smoking, but cardiovascular mortality and morbidity are not proportionally as high. The reason for this may be due to:
a. a lower rate of other unhealthy behaviors b. these smokers do not inhale c. these smokers stay away from secondary smoke d. the cigarettes have different chemicals in them than other countries