In comparing long-run and short-run costs, which of the following statements is true at each level of output?
a. long-run total cost is always less than short-run total costs
b. long-run total cost cannot exceed short-run total cost
c. long-run and short-run total costs are equal when fixed costs are large
d. firms usually make decisions about production levels based on long-run costs rather than short-run costs
e. short-run total cost cannot exceed long-run total cost
B
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In the circular flow diagram, aggregate expenditure includes
A) consumption expenditure, saving, investment and government expenditure. B) consumption expenditure, saving, investment and net exports. C) consumption expenditure, investment, government expenditure and net exports. D) consumption expenditure, saving, government expenditure and net exports.
The market-demand curve for a product in a perfectly competitive market:
a. is horizontal. b. is downward sloping. c. is vertical. d. has elasticity equal to 1. e. is positively sloped.