Learning to read and write doesn’t just happen all at once. Anya had been listening to words, and looking at letters, for years before she put it all together. What do researchers call this pre-reading-and-writing process that Anya was going through?

Which of the following students provides the most accurate statement about the specific kind of discourse known as a narrative?

a. Tonya: "In a narrative, a speaker talks for a while without interruption, in order to describe a series of events." b. William: "A narrative is the listener's ongoing interpretation of the speaker's utterances." c. Skip: "A narrative is the verbal response that the listener is silently constructing; this narrative will be presented as soon as the speaker's turn has been completed." d. Guillermo: "A narrative is a series of sentences that the speaker develops in order to present a specific logical argument."

Which of the following is one of the reasons for the use of non-human animals in psychological research?

a. Because what is true for a non-human species will also be true for humans. b. Animals are no longer used in psychological research. c. To improve human welfare. d. To improve the treatment of laboratory animals.