Thorndike posited that "The mind is man's connection-system."

With respect to the tendency to label people as a result of test outcomes, the authors of the textbook believe that labels often lead to

a. thinking of the "normality" of individual children rather than the educational systems that created the conditions. b. blaming the society for failure, rather than the individual being labeled. c. putting the spotlight on dysfunctional aspects of the environment rather than on deviant personalities. d. lowering people's sense of self-efficacy and encouraging an unwillingness to tackle challenges.

Why is it that middle-aged men tend to experience more negative impact of a job loss than do younger or older men? a. They know that they will earn only 40% of the salary that they were making. b. They know that their chances of finding new employment are terribly poor

c. They often have more financial responsibilities than the other two groups. d. They feel that they will look like a failure in the eyes of their families.