The chief law enforcement officer in most states is the head of the state police

Which of these is true for hate crimes?

a. Conviction for a hate crime requires only proof of a motive of hate against a person or a person's race. b. Hate crimes are given higher penalties than crimes from other motivations. c. Most hate crimes are based on religious hostility. d. Hate crimes were reported by the FBI beginning in 2002.

Just what sort of commerce Congress could regulate between the states was not spelled out in the U.S. Constitution because

A) i?t would have been too contentious to specify. B) ?of an oversight. C) ?commerce was a new phenomenon. D) ?slavery was involved. E) ?New York delegates refused to allow discussion on the matter.