In an experiment, two groups of dogs are given shocks to their feet. One group is able to escape the shocks by jumping over a barrier. The second group is harnessed and cannot escape. After several trials, both groups are put in situations where they can escape. The first group escapes the shocks but the second group just sits and whines, refusing to attempt to escape. The response of the second group is due to ________.

Abused children are friendlier than other children are

Indicate whether this statement is true or false.

Roberta and Phil have been arrested for vandalism. Their defense attorney may be able to get a lighter sentence for her clients if she emphasizes that

a. this is the first offense for both her clients. b. both her clients are good students who always score at the top of their class. c. her clients are both active in a number of extra-curricular activities at their school. d. other students involved in the incident did much more damage than her clients did.