______ are events that occur during the course of a study to all or individual participants that can result in bias.

The "hiker puzzle," which is presented in the textbook, illustrates the point that

a. functional fixedness adversely affects problem solving. b. the way a problem is represented will affect its difficulty. c. people tend to judge as valid those conclusions with which they agree. d. a mental set can increase the speed of problem solving.

If you failed to eat for two days while playing the latest version of the video game Halo, it might be said that you have experienced

a. growth motivation. b. flow. c. an emotional breakdown. d. lateralization of emotion. e. overjustification.