If N is the working-age population, Q is the labor force, and U is the number of unemployed, then the participation rate is measured as

Explicit costs are

A) costs that are measured in dollars. B) costs that do not involve an exchange of money. C) the same as opportunity costs. D) the same as implicit costs.

Minimizing per-dollar distribution costs favors issuing bonds __________ for issue sizes above approximately __________

A) privately; $10,000,000 B) privately; $100,000,000 C) publicly; $10,000,000 D) publicly; $100,000,000