_________ categorized people as either introverts or extraverts

Which of the following is the best word or phrase to explain the validity of an assessment procedure?

a. meaning b. consistency c. reliability d. predictability

Some epidemiological studies, using instruments like the Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ), have reported high rates of dissociative symptoms, but these studies are viewed skeptically because

a. dissociative symptoms cannot be measured based on self-reports. b. the symptoms measured by the DEQ are far less dramatic than those found in dissociative disorders. c. there is no agreement as to what dissociative symptoms should be measured. d. people with real dissociative disorders are not able to complete the DEQ.