Dr. Arnold is working with a patient who has been diagnosed with pedophilia. Dr. Arnold would like to reduce testosterone levels in this patient. Which strategy would he be likely to try first?

When culture is used as an independent variable in research, the research is not truly

experimental because a. cultural differences are too complex to be studied experimentally. b. ethical considerations prevent experimentation on cultural groups. c. subjects are not randomly assigned to a cultural group. d. biological influences cannot be separated from cultural influences. e. matching of subjects is necessary.

Which one of these statements about shaping is correct?

a. Experience indicates that food is the best reinforcer to use when shaping a behavior. b. Shaping is the reinforcement of successive approximations at regular time intervals. c. Shaping is a formal training procedure, but something like it occurs in the outside world. d. The criteria for a successful response remains constant throughout the shaping procedure. e. Shaping is a type of observational learning.