A research design that involves comparison of groups based on pre-existing characteristics of participants rather than manipulation of variables is

The IMF policy of conditionality requires

a. borrowers to reduce their budget deficits. b. borrowers to protect their domestic markets. c. loaners to offer funding at low interest rates. d. loaners to subside private investment in developing states. e. both borrowers and loaners to negotiate loan agreements.

Women received the great majority of microcredit loans because they

a. struggle against gender inequality. b. use earnings to directly benefit their children. c. have excellent payback records. d. start businesses not for their own consumption. e. All of the above are correct.