Which theory of depression claims that depression is related to a lack of response-contingent positive reinforcement?

Psychodynamic therapists have claimed that behaviorists treat outer, target behaviors rather than the true, inner causes of disorders. However, research has not shown that failure to explore inner causes produces ___________,

as psychodynamic theorists would predict. a. behavioral rehearsal b. symptom substitution c. behavior modification d. contingency management

Your roommate's younger brother just broke up with his girlfriend who he has been dating for three years, and has been upset about it. When your roommate went home to visit she noticed her brother was using substances

She was surprised since he never did before. What is happening? He is likely ____. a. experimenting b. self-medicating c. using substances socially d. addicted