You show your little niece Greta a two-sided mirror. Then, you hold it between you and her,
so that she can see herself in it. If you ask her what she thinks you can see, she will most likely imagine that you see her face reflected in the mirror, instead of your own. At this age, Greta cannot mentally transform the view she sees into the view you must be seeing. Greta is most likely in which cognitive stage?
a. formal operational
b. sensorimotor
c. concrete operational
d. preoperational
ANSWER: d
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When her grandfather stuck his tongue out at her, two-day-old Leila stuck her tongue out in return. How might scientists explain her behavior?
Leila's behavior was strictly coincidental. Mirror neurons were activated. She was exhibiting early signs of high intelligence. She was exhibiting the tongue-thrust reflex.
Imagine you are a student studying psychology at the end of the 1800s. You go to a lecture presented by William James. Which statement would you most expect to hear regarding James' view of human behavior?
a. There is no such thing as an instinct. b. Instincts exist only in nonhuman animals. c. Although some instincts exist in humans, they are generally unimportant. d. Humans rely even more on instinctual behavior than other animals.