The formal party apparatus is known as the

If the idea of "waves of democracy" is correct, then the

proportion of democratic countries will: A) sometimes increase and sometimes decline. B) stabilize. C) increase slowly. D) increase rapidly.

Some measures of behavior across different cultural or ethnic groups may not show high levels of construct validity because

a. research has revealed that most behaviors tend to change across cultures. b. the means of categorizing people in some research involves nonscientific criteria. c. the measurements generally show low levels of internal validity but high levels of external validity. d. researchers have discovered that few measurements across cultures show high levels of reliability, so validity levels are lower.