The rewards may improve attendance (they have in some schools), and students who attend more regularly may become more interested in their studies and do better in school. But extrinsic rewards can also decrease intrinsic motivation
and when they are withdrawn (e.g., when the student goes to another school or to college), attendance may plummet ("If there's no reward, why should I attend?"). Further, students may come to expect bigger and bigger rewards, upping the ante. In some schools, especially those that have de-emphasized penalties for poor attendance, the rewards have backfired and attendance has actually fallen. (Bonus question: Can you now apply these points to parents who pay their children for everything from brushing their teeth to behaving themselves in a restaurant?)
What will be an ideal response?
To a social-cognitive theorist, the fact that we can learn without being reinforced for any obvious responses shows that we do not learn specific responses but rather ______________.
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Which of the following is/are criticism(s) of Erikson's Stage Theory?
a) Being too broad and general to be useful b) Emphasis on our sense of self c) Tempting to treat them as facts and give the theory a higher priority than any research data d) All of the above
The simplest and most direct way to analyze clear, systematic results of small-N research is to
a. compute an analysis of variance (ANOVA). b. carry out a factor analysis. c. create a graph and visually inspect it. d. rely on various inferential analyses.