During the period of the four orthodox caliphs, or representatives of Muhammad, music was classed as one of the mulahi or __________

Opera was the result of __________

a) someone uncovering a copy of Hildegard von Bingen's morality plays b) a small group of philosophers, musicians, and poets who met in Florence to consider reviving the ancient Greek synthesis of music and drama c) a group of housewives who overheard their children acting out stories with music and shared this practice with their composer husbands d) composers adapting the formal structure of the Mass to secular chamber music.

The word hadith refers to

a. the historical records of Islam. b. “witness,” one of Islam’s five pillars. c, Muhammad’s sayings and anecdotes of his life. d. the verses in the surahs.