What is the difference between policy outputs and policy outcomes?
a. Policy outputs are the things actually done by agencies in pursuance of policy decisions and statements, whereas policy outcomes are the consequences for society, intended and unintended, that stem from deliberate governmental action or inaction
b. Policy outcomes are the things actually done by agencies in pursuance of policy decisions and statements, whereas policy outputs are the consequences for society, intended and unintended, that stem from deliberate governmental action or inaction.
c. Policy outputs are intangible and hard to measure effectively, whereas policy outcomes can be readily counted, totaled, and statistically analyzed.
d. Policy outcomes only produce intended consequences, whereas policy outputs may produce intended or unintended consequences.
a
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On what legal/constitutional basis do such agencies as the Postal Service and the Department of Interior exist?
a. They have been established by Congress through the legislative process. b. They have been established by the president by executive order. c. They have been established by the Constitution in Article I, Section 2. d. They have been established by the United Nations International Fund. e. They have been established by the First Amendment.
The Supreme Court in the Reagan/Bush era
a. accepted affirmative action in cases where there was evidence of specific discrimination and the program was narrowly tailored to that offense. b. ruled against all forms of affirmative action as being unfair discrimination against whites. c. refused to accept any more affirmative action cases. d. accepted all affirmative action cases appealed. e. sent all affirmative action cases back to the federal courts for decision.