Public relations counselor James Lukaszewski has described crisis as a "hidden opportunity."

In Year 1, Stock to the Hand, Inc., issued 40,000 shares of the 800,000 shares of $0.40 par value common stock it is allowed to sell. The total received from issuing its common stock is $400,000. Stock to the Hand bought back 4,000 shares of its stock at a cost of $14 each. On December 31, the last day of Year 1, Stock to the Hand declared and paid a $0.80 per share dividend to its common shareholders. Stock to the Hand has no preferred stock. Treasury Stock on the balance sheet at December 31, Year 1, equals ______.

a. -56000 b. -55000 c. 54000 d. 60000

External validity refers to whether the manipulation of the independent variables or treatments actually caused the observed effects on the dependent variables

Indicate whether the statement is true or false