Controlled observations of behavior can have high ______ but may also have lower ______.

Which of the following is effective in reducing misbehavior?

A) Give children repetitive activities. B) Teach children aggressive skills. C) Make sure children have age-appropriate toys. D) Use the strongest punishment possible the first time the child misbehaves.

Which of the following has NOT been offered as an explanation for infantile amnesia?

A) Infants' original early memories are encoded as physical actions, and these action memories are highly resistant to reconstruction efforts later in life. B) Infants have not yet developed a stable sense of self and therefore information in their early memories is likely to be disorganized and difficult to retrieve in later life. C) The manner in which infants encode memories may not match the manner in which they are asked to retrieve the memories when they are older. D) The degree of frontal lobe development in infancy may make it possible for infants to remember actions, but not be able to describe these memories using words in later life.