Although the binomial distribution is discrete and the normal distribution is continuous, the normal distribution is a good approximation for the binomial whenever nP(1 - P) > 9 where n = number of trials, and P = the probability of success in any

Benz & Frendz Corp, a manufacturer of high end consumer durables, experienced sluggish sales growth in most of its product categories during three consecutive quarters of 2009

However, market analysis revealed that its competitors' sales had also slackened during this period. Analysts pointed out that when all firms are losing sales, it is extremely important to adopt strategies that are aimed at retaining customers. This led the firm to reduce operation costs while maintaining product quality. They also revamped their marketing strategy to focus on the values created by their products. Which of the following can be inferred from the strategies adopted by the firm? A) The company was trying to protect its market share and continue to operate as a market leader. B) The company was focusing on geographical expansion. C) The company was aiming to capture a new market segment. D) The company was marketing its products amidst an economic downturn. E) The company was focusing on market penetration.

Which of the following statements does not accurately capture the contingency theory of high-technology marketing?

a. Because customers can clearly articulate their ideas and needs, standard marketing research tools are effectively used for more incremental innovations. b. Because technological prowess is key in supply-driven markets, R&D tends to take a leadership role for more radical innovations. c. Because customers have a clearer understanding of the various products in the market, advertising to build selective demand is appropriate for more incremental innovations. d. When a breakthrough innovation revolutionizes the way customers do things, it is critical to stimulate primary demand for the new product class. e. Due to the prevalence of unit-one costs in high-tech markets, low pricing is appropriate for most radical innovations.