In a memory study, the experimenter reads the same list of words to two groups. She asks group A to count the letters in each word, and she asks group B to focus on the meaning of each word for a later memory quiz. During a recall test, participants in group B recall significantly more words than participants in group A. Memory researchers attribute this effect to differences in

The removal of reinforcers for a certain period of time as a means to eliminate undesirable behaviors is called _____

a) systematic desensitization. b) exposure and response prevention. c) the time out. d) a token economy.

Which of the following is NOT a reason why older women are more likely to be widows than older men are to be widowers?

a. Women live longer than men. b. Men are more likely to marry younger women than women are likely to marry younger men. c. Women have higher incomes in older adulthood so they don't have to remarry for financial reasons. d. Women live longer after being widowed than men do.