A piece of paper looks white in both the noonday sun and under moonlight, even though there is less light being reflected off the paper under moonlight. This form of perceptual constancy is called __________

Failure to take steps to avoid or escape from an unpleasant or aversive stimulus that occurs as a result of previous exposure to unavoidable painful stimuli is called ________

a. vicarious learning b. learned helplessness c. avoidance learning d. aversive conditioning

The definition of the abstinence violation effect is that: a. the person has violated the principle of abstinence from the unwanted behavior, and there isno turning back after that

b. if someone continues to fail to cope, a lapse will become a relapse. c. some violation of the abstinence rule is considered OK as long as it's not too much. d. upon lapsing, persons feel guilty and conflicted, and blame themselves for backsliding.