Infants are born with many automatic abilities, with the exception of basic math functions and statistical patterns

Which of the following is a concern raised by cross-cultural research on Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

a) The ages associated with each stage of development are the same across cultures. b) The four stages do not always occur in the same order in every culture. c) There is cultural variation in the order in which children acquire specific skills within Piaget's stages. d) It assumes that the scientific reasoning associated with formal operations is not the universal end point of cognitive development.

In IQ testing, what is predictive validity?

a. the degree to which test scores accurately forecast future behavior or performance b. the degree to which test scores measure what they purport to measure c. the consistency of test scores over time d. the consistency of test scores across different forms of the test e. the comparison of an individual's scores with those of the general population