When two psychologists (Coile & Miller, 1984) studied the claims of animal rights activities about the torture of animals in psychological research, the psychologists discovered that

a. there was little use of electric shocks, but consistent use of near starvation diets.
b. psychologists often used high levels of painful stimuli to motivate animal behavior.
c. there was a low level of smashing bones and amputations to study psychological responses.
d. over a five-year period, they could find no studies using intense electric shocks, or severe food or water deprivation.

D