Vito finds a correlation of –0.35 between procrastination behaviors and academic achievement. Which of the following is an appropriate conclusion for Vito to draw?

a. Procrastination leads students to perform more poorly.
b. Poor academic performance causes more procrastination.
c. Elimination of procrastination behaviors will lead students to perform better.
d. As a student procrastinates more, her academic achievement decreases.

d