In the classic Kansas City preventive control study (1973) it was found that applying different police patrol strategies had absolutely no impact on crime rates. The independent variable in this study was based on the crime rates

Multimodal therapy methods are considered to be performance-based due to which of the following assumptions?

a) Everyone can benefit from the same advice. b) One can progress forward in therapy only by acknowledging one's past. c) The role you play is the one you come to believe in. d) Without new experiences, there can be no change.

If a study is high in external validity, then ____

a. the findings are likely to generalize to other people and other settings b. the researcher can conclude that there is a cause-and-effect relationship c. participants are exposed to only one level of the independent variable d. participants are exposed to all levels of the independent variable