Young adults from laissez-faire backgrounds are more confident listeners and more intellectually flexible than those from consensual or pluralistic families

In her research on mother daughter relationships, Pennington found that

a. Both African American and European American mothers wanted to be close to their daughters b. Both sets of daughters viewed their mothers as important confidants c. European American participants seemed to value privacy more strongly d. African American participants were more likely to see each other as "best friends" e. All of the above were found

When giving criticism, listeners show that they own their comments when they use

a. “you-messages.” b. “I-messages.” c. “we-messages.” d. “should-messages.”