Which of the following refers to an artifact that occurs when participants' expectations about what effect an experimental manipulation is supposed to have influences the dependent measure independently of the actual effect of the manipulation?

Some researchers explain the bilingual disadvantage by proposing that translation equivalents in the unused language can interfere with lexical access in the used language. This is known as the __________ hypothesis.

Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).

Explain how attention might influence the way in which we perceive certain stimuli. What role does divided attention play?

What will be an ideal response?