Robert White theorized that the young infant has a desire to master and gain control of the environment. White called this inborn desire

At what point would we assume that the construct validity of a test has been established and no more studies should be done?

a. when we have shown that it correlates with several other measures designed to tap the same construct b. when we have shown that it does not correlate with measures designed to tap different constructs c. never – construct validation is an ongoing process d. when the validity coefficients are above .8

In 1976, the Vatican issued a "Declaration on Certain Questions Concerning Sexual Ethics," which described masturbation as

A) "forgivable only in small children who were unaware of their behavior." B) "forgivable as early adolescent exploration but condemnable for adults." C) "an act ,which, if not done to excess, could clear the mind for the pursuit of God's work." D) "an intrinsically and seriously disordered act."