Which of the following is an example of an ecological fallacy?

a. Suggesting that the correlation in increased ice cream sales and incidents of mugging shows a casual relationship between ice cream sales and mugging without factoring other variables like good weather
b. Claiming that large states have more territory to defend than small ones
c. Believing in global warming
d. Denying the existence of global warming
e. Claiming that because a researcher discovers that members of the middle class tend to be more supportive of immigration than members of the working class, that the researcher could say with certainty how two specific individuals, one middle class and one working class, feel about immigration

E