______ was a policy designed to increase political openness and encourage freedom of expression.

Which of the following was a "fake state," as it did not have a sufficient political culture to keep it functional?

a. the Soviet Union b. Nigeria c. France d. Afghanistan

One notable feature of first-past-the-post elections is that

A) candidates usually cannot win them unless they capture more than a majority of the popular vote. B) they require at least three candidates running for the same office. C) they originated as a voting system in ancient Greece. D) they produce sizable discrepancies between votes won and seats won. E) they tend to favor candidates with lower name recognition.