To increase the effectiveness of sports coaching, Allison and Aylon (1980) introduced immediate reinforcement in the form of praise.

A medical student wants to be a surgeon. Observing an operation, she focuses her attention on the way her teacher is holding the scalpel and the angle between the blade and the skin. The student's attentional focus is an example of the component known as

a. goal-directed attention. b. stimulus-driven attention. c. invariant perception. d. unconscious inference.

When an experiment has shown that an independent variable is a cause of a phenomenon, what is the most reasonable conclusion one should draw?

a. The hypothesis has been proven correct. b. The scientific question has been answered once and for all. c. There is evidence that supports the hypothesis, though multiple experiments and methods are still needed. d. There is some evidence for an association, but one should be cautious about drawing causal conclusions.