Which of the following is an example of a tax preference?

By welcoming new groups into their ranks, parties __________

a. establish a monocultural dependence on the party system b. rob those groups of their individual interests and concerns c. give those groups a pragmatic and psychological stake in the political system d. enhance political hegemony by disenfranchising voters outside of these groups

What was briefly declared unconstitutional in the 1970s after the Supreme Court held that it was being imposed in an arbitrary manner?

a. capital punishment b. school prayer – c. access to court-appointed counsel d. the exclusionary rule