The primary method of investigation used by structuralists was

When researchers say women generally have higher verbal abilities than men, it is important to remember that

a. women are naturally better at verbal tasks, so the gender comparison is unfair. b. assessments may be biased in favor of women, meaning new measures should be developed. c. the difference is relatively small, meaning there is more similarity than difference. d. women also perform better on memory tasks.

Signal detection theory improves on simple thresholds by including the influence of:

a. psychological factors, such as expectations. b. engineering factors, such as how well a set of speakers is designed. c. whether an individual has hearing or visual impairments. d. the actual intensity of the stimulus.