A parent is using positive and negative reinforcement to change a child's behavior. What paradigm is this parent using?

An expert on parenting is addressing parents at the local elementary school. When the topic of punishment is discussed, what is one outcome of punishment the expert is likely to note for the parents to consider?

a) Punishment can also lead to the child acting aggressively. b) Punished children tend to do really well in school. c) Punishment motivates the child to focus on schoolwork. d) Punishment tends to increase the number of nightmares experienced.

Janet has a comprehensive final for her organic chemistry class. For her to be able to retain the information from early in the semester, she should be advised to use ________ in her studying throughout the term

a) cramming b) delayed practice c) spaced practice d) massed practice