Presenting a stimulus to a person or animal that decreases the probability of a particular response is known as
A) positive punishment.
B) negative punishment.
C) negative reinforcement.
D) vicarious punishment.
Answer: A
Rationale: Positive punishment is a process in which a behavior decreases because it adds or increases a particular stimulus.
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Brian is the bassist and vocalist for a band with his two
brothers, cousin, and a college friend. Recently, he has begun to experience more and more intense anxiety as he sings in front of crowds. As a result, he has begun to ask his bandmates to sing the songs for him. Brian's anxiety lessens when the focus of the crowd is not on him, demonstrating that Brian's avoidance of singing is being A) negatively punished. B) negatively reinforced. C) positively punished. D) positively reinforced.
Dr. Meyers is a behavioral geneticist. She is investigating whether school achievement has a genetic component. Which of the following scenarios would indicate to her that there is a large genetic component?
a. Dizygotic twins show greater similarities in school achievement than siblings born 2 years apart. b. Adopted children show great similarities in school achievement to their adopted parents than their biological parents. c. Monozygotic twins show greater similarities in school achievement than dizygotic twins. d. Siblings born 2 years apart show greater similarities in school achievement than dizygotic twins.