What is the meaning of the word "Islam"?

Paris claimed to be the intellectual center of Gothic Europe. Scholastic guilds are examples of this, which of the following best supports this claim?

a. It was a center for fine book production. b. It established the first printing press. c. It was a gathering place for the formerly rural. d. It was the principal center of commerce for Europe.

For Closer Look: Stained Glass at Chartres: While literacy was increasingly common in the Middle Ages, still large numbers of people remained illiterate. How might the stained-glass windows at Chartres have served the masses who were unable to read?

What will be an ideal response?