According to James Marcia, the status of adolescents who commit to an identity without adequately exploring alternatives is called

At a crowded park, Kayla sees an old man clutching his heart and stumbling. If Kayla assumes that someone else will help the old man, she is experiencing the phenomenon known as

A) pluralistic ignorance. B) social loafing. C) diffusion of responsibility. D) evaluation apprehension.

Which of the following types of studies is least effective in ruling out environmental effects in the development of traits?

a. strain studies c. twin studies b. selection studies d. family studies