You see the person running in front of you slip on some ice, and so you walk carefully over the ice. This is an example of

A stimulus presented to a person or animal that decreases the probability of a particular response is known as __________

a) positive punishment. b) negative punishment. c) negative reinforcement. d) negative expectation.

Cameron touches a hot iron and immediately pulls his hand away. His quick response occurs because _______

a) the pain message goes up the spinal column to the central area of the spinal cord instead of going all the way to the brain b) the brain has registered that pain is occurring and responds quickly c) his glands have secreted chemical messengers called hormones d) neurons in the spinal cord touch end to end to increase response speed