African American children in the United States typically score fifteen points higher than Caucasian children on tests such as the WISC

Joan is obsessed with stories about cowboys

In these stories, the bad guy always wears a black hat. Because of this, her schema for bad, dangerous men includes black clothing and, especially, black hats. One day, her car breaks down on the highway and a man dressed entirely in black and wearing a black hat stops and helps her. Which of the following is she most likely to think? a) "Wow, I'd better change my ideas about men in black." b) "How strange, he must be the exception to the rule." c) "Maybe it is men in white who are dangerous." d) "All those cowboy stories had it wrong!"

Presenting an aversive stimulus to eliminate undesired behavior is an example of ________

a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. punishment d. shaping