Stream variables (for example, ifstream and ofstream) should be passed by ____________________ to a function.

Answer the following statements true (T) or false (F)

1. Enumerated type variables can not be read or written directly. 2. The ordinal value of the first value listed in the declaration of an enumerated type is 1. 3. An enumeration type variable can be a loop-control variable for a counter-controlled loop. 4. Given the declaration enum logical {false, true}; the expression true < false is false. 5. The declaration const long int large = 8476399; is valid.

Which of the following creates ciphertext by changing the placement of characters?

A. Transposition cryptography B. Hashing C. Elliptical cryptography D. Digital signatures