Shawn does extremely well on his spelling test in school. His father praises Shawn for this test score and tells him how smart he is, but he should be able to learn the next list of words even faster. Where giving praise is concerned, Shawn's Dad needs to know about the principle of

a. "Be specific.".
b. "Connect by making eye contact.".
c. "Don't end on a sour note.".
d. "Avoid empty flattery.".
e. "Reward the effort, not the outcome.".

e