When you are asked to solve an arithmetic problem or to name the current president of the United States, you are using thinking

Classical conditioning is more complex than Pavlov originally realized in that a neutral stimulus will only become an effective CS if it is appropriately

a. contingent and informative. b. contiguous and novel. c. noncontingent and familiar. d. contiguous and informative.

One advantage of the correlated-groups t test over the independent-groups t test is that it reduces the error variance due to a. the degrees of freedom. b. the independent variable. c. the dependent variable

d. individual differences.