A researcher tells male subjects that testosterone usually peaks in the morning and that it probably causes hostility. She then asks them to fill out a "Hyper Testosterone Syndrome Hostility Survey" in the morning and again at night

Based on your knowledge of menstrual-cycle findings, what do you think her study will reveal? How could she improve her study?

What will be an ideal response?

Because of the expectations that the men now have about testosterone, they may be biased to report more hostility in the morning. It would be better to keep them in the dark about the hypothesis and to measure their actual hormone levels at different points in the day, because individuals vary in their biological rhythms. Also, a control group of women could be added to see whether their hostility levels vary in the same way that men's do. Finally, the title on that questionnaire is pretty biased. A more neutral title, such as "Health and Mood Checklist," would be better.